Title: Physeo Anki Decks / 04 - Biochemistry / 05 - Metabolism / Section 20.08 - Cobalamin (B12)

Q: Serum homocysteine levels are [...] in a Vitamin B_12 (Cobalamin) deficiency
A: elevated
Extra: Homosapien = Vitamin B_12 deficiency results in elevated levels of homocysteine

Q: Vitamin B_12 (cobalamin) deficiency has [methylmalonic acid level]
A: elevated methylmalonic acid (MMA)
Extra: "Mixed Martial Arts" sign = Vitamin B12 results in elevated levels of methylmalonic acid levels

Q: Vitamin B_12 (cobalamin) deficiency can cause a [anemia] and [characteristic neutrophils]
A: megaloblastic anemia; hypersegmented neutrophils
Extra: Blood moon with craters = Vitamin B_12 deficiency results in megaloblastic anemia and hypersegmented neutrophils

Q: Vitamin B_12 deficiency results in degeneration of the [spinal cord segment]
A: dorsal columns
Extra: Columns = Vitamin B_12 deficiency results in degeneration of the dorsal columns

Q: Vitamin B_12 deficiency is important for [procress]
A: DNA synthesis
Extra: Helical shape that resembles the structure of DNA = B_12 is important for DNA synthesis

Q: [supplement] can mask the [type of symptom(s)] of a vitamin B_12 deficiency
A: Folate supplementation; hematologic symptoms
Extra: Foliage with berries = Folate supplementation can mask the hematologic symptoms of a vitamin B_12 deficiency
Folate will improve hematologic symptoms, but not neurological deficits won't

Q: Prolonged vitamin B_12 deficiency can result in irreversible [...]
A: nerve damage
Extra: Broken rope that resembles a neuron = Prolonged vitamin B_12 deficiency can result in irreversible nerve damage

Q: [vitamin] is a cofactor for [enzyme]
A: Vitamin B_12; methionine synthase
Extra: Conor McGregor's thighs = Cofactor for methionine synthase

Q: Vitamin B_12 is synthesized by parietal cells as well as [which orangisms]
A: microorganisms
Extra: Brown mold = Synthesized by microorganisms

Q: Vitamin B_12 deficiency can be caused by [diet]
A: veganism
Extra: Vegan guy = Vitamin B_12 deficiency can be caused by vganism

Q: Vitamin B_12 is found in [which products]
A: animal products
Extra: People eating chicken = Found in animal products

Q: Vitamin B_12 deficiency can be caused by [...], inadequent nutrient absorption
A: malabsorption
Extra: Tissue that is not very effective at cleaning up a spilled drink = Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by malabsorption problems
i.e. Enteritis, alcohol excess, bacterial overgrowth, etc.

Q: Vitamin B_12 is stored in the [organ], which contains a [small or large reserve pool]
A: liver; large reserve pool
Extra: Cow with liver spot = Vitamin B_12 is stored in the liver, which contains a large reserve pool
This is why it takes a long time to become B_12 deficient

Q: [absorption or excretion] of vitamin B_12 is dependent upon [...]
A: Absorption; instrinsic factor
Extra: Enciladas = Absorption is dependent upon intristic factor
Produced by parietal cells
Pernicious anemia = Attack parietal cells causing an inability to absorb vitamin B_12)

Q: Vitamin B_12 is absorbed in the [...]
A: terminal ileum
Extra: Pulling on a hose with cannot go any farther = Absorbed in the terminal ileum
- Patients with a surgical removal of this part of the ileum can develop a B_12 deficiency
- Crohn's disease patients with inflammation of this region can also develop a B_12 deficiency

Q: Vitamin B_12 deficiency results in degeneration of the [tract] and lateral corticospinal tract
A: spinalcerebellar tract
Extra: Spine = Vitamin B_12 deficiency results in degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts

Q: Vitamin B_12 deficiency results in degeneration of the spinalcerebellar tract and [tract]
A: lateral corticospinal tract
Extra: Ladder = Vitamin B_12 results in degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts